How to format your references using the The American Journal of Pathology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The American Journal of Pathology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Peters JW: Enzymology. A trio of transition metals in anaerobic CO2 fixation. Science 2002, 298:552–553.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hoekstra HE, Price T: Evolution. Parallel evolution is in the genes. Science 2004, 303:1779–1781.

A journal article with 3 authors

Archibald JD, Averianov AO, Ekdale EG: Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals. Nature 2001, 414:62–65.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Tilman D, Reich PB, Knops J, Wedin D, Mielke T, Lehman C: Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 2001, 294:843–845.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Seagal ZM, Surnina OM: Ultrasonic Topographical and Pathotopographical Anatomy. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc., 2016, .

An edited book

Järvelä M, Juhola S, editors: Energy, Policy, and the Environment: Modeling Sustainable Development for the North. 1st ed. New York, NY, Springer, 2011, .

A chapter in an edited book

Brown CT, Liebovitch LS, Glendon R: Hunter–Gatherers Optimize Their Foraging Patterns Using Lévy Flights. In: Bates DG, Tucker J, editors. Human Ecology: Contemporary Research and Practice, Boston, MA, Springer US, 2010, pp. 51–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The American Journal of Pathology.

Blog post

Carpineti A: Physicists Think They May Have Accidentally Discovered Dark Matter [Internet]. IFLScience., IFLScience, 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30], . Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/do-gravitational-waves-hint-at-dark-matter/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Financial Markets: Information on Computer Data Used for Stock Market Crash Studies. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988 Sep. Report No.: IMTEC-88-57.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nichol KP: English Language Learners and Gifted Identification: Exploring the Perceptions of Teachers and Parents [Doctoral dissertation]. [Scottsdale, AZ], Northcentral University, 2013, .

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wines M: Anger Follows an Accusation of Voter Fraud. New York Times 2017, :A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The American Journal of Pathology
Abbreviation	Am. J. Pathol.
ISSN (print)	0002-9440
ISSN (online)	1525-2191
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine