How to format your references using the The Cancer Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Cancer Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Phillips D. Obituary: George Porter (1920-2002). Nature 2002;419:578.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dimond A, Fraser P. Molecular biology. Long noncoding RNAs Xist in three dimensions. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013;341:720–721.

A journal article with 3 authors

Smith FG, Davies R, Lyne A. Bernard Lovell (1913-2012). Nature 2012;488:592.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chen S, Yoshita M, Ishikawa A, Mochizuki T, Maruyama S, Akiyama H, et al. Intrinsic radiative lifetime derived via absorption cross section of one-dimensional excitons. Scientific reports 2013;3:1941.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hartmann AK, Weigt M. Phase Transitions in Combinatorial Optimization Problems. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.

An edited book

Buonocore G, Bracci R, Weindling M, eds. Neonatology: A Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases. Milano: Springer, 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Kołodziej J, Khan SU, Wang L, Chen D, Zomaya AY. Energy and Security Awareness in Evolutionary-Driven Grid Scheduling. In: Khan SU, Kołodziej J, Li J, Zomaya AY, eds. Evolutionary Based Solutions for Green Computing Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013:95–138.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Cancer Journal.

Blog post

Andrew E. Risks Vs Rewards: Why People With HIV Volunteer For ‘Cure’ Research. IFLScience. IFLScience,. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/risks-vs-rewards-why-people-hiv-volunteer-cure-research/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Cargo Tank Trucks: Improved Incident Data and Regulatory Analysis Would Better Inform Decisions about Safety Risks. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013 Sep.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Shafran RF. Leading Organizational Change: A Phenomenological Study of the Nonlinear Strategies Used by Female Leaders in Global Companies. [Doctoral dissertation] Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Loomis G. Three Operas by Rossini Make Italian Festival Well Worth the Trip. New York Times 2012;0.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Cancer Journal
ISSN (print)	1528-9117
ISSN (online)	1540-336X
Scope