How to format your references using the Theoretical Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cazenave A (2006) Atmosphere. How fast are the ice sheets melting? Science 314:1250–1252

A journal article with 2 authors

Vojvodic A, Nørskov JK (2011) Chemistry. Optimizing perovskites for the water-splitting reaction. Science 334:1355–1356

A journal article with 3 authors

Snyder A, Pamer E, Wolchok J (2015) IMMUNOTHERAPY. Could microbial therapy boost cancer immunotherapy? Science 350:1031–1032

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Harlow HJ, Lohuis T, Beck TD, Iaizzo PA (2001) Muscle strength in overwintering bears. Nature 409:997

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gilhus NE, Barnes MP, Brainin M (2010) European Handbook of Neurological Management. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Cardoso J, Guerra F, Houben G-J, et al (eds) (2015) Semantic Keyword-based Search on Structured Data Sources: First COST Action IC1302 International KEYSTONE Conference, IKC 2015, Coimbra, Portugal, September 8-9, 2015. Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Anglani A, Caricato P, Grieco A, Nucci F (2005) Selecting Capacity Plan. In: Matta A, Semeraro Q (eds) Design of Advanced Manufacturing Systems: Models for Capacity Planning in Advanced Manufacturing Systems. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 191–231

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Ecology.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) Black Hole Left Almost “Naked” After Galaxy Collision. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1970) Further Improvement Needed in the Management of Magnetic Tapes by Goddard Space Flight Center. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Katavic I (2014) Corporate social responsibility and sustainable competitive advantage: A case study of the cement industry. Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum MM, Ember S, Savage C (2017) Trump’s Urging That Comey Jail Reporters Is Denounced as an ‘Act of Intimidation.’ New York Times A13

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Cazenave 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Cazenave 2006; Vojvodic and Nørskov 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Vojvodic and Nørskov 2011)
Three or more authors: (Harlow et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Ecology
Abbreviation	Theor. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	1874-1738
ISSN (online)	1874-1746
Scope	Ecological Modelling Ecology