How to format your references using the Transactions of the American Philological Association citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jarrold, M.F. 2000. “The Smallest Fullerene.” Nature 407 (6800) (September 7): 26–27.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kovács, I.A., and Barabási, A.-L. 2015. “Network Science: Destruction Perfected.” Nature 524 (7563) (August 6): 38–39.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lim, M.L.M., Land, M.F., and Li, D. 2007. “Sex-Specific UV and Fluorescence Signals in Jumping Spiders.” Science 315 (5811) (January 26): 481.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Ghez, A.M., Morris, M., Becklin, E.E., Tanner, A., and Kremenek, T. 2000. “The Accelerations of Stars Orbiting the Milky Way’s Central Black Hole.” Nature 407 (6802) (September 21): 349–51.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Carvalho, M.C. 2016. Practical Laboratory Automation. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Marchetti-Spaccamela, A., and Segal, M., ed. 2011. Theory and Practice of Algorithms in (Computer) Systems: First International ICST Conference, TAPAS 2011, Rome, Italy, April 18-20, 2011. Proceedings. Vol. 6595. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Hayashi, Y., and Ikeda, M. 2006. “Knowledge Level Design Support for Adaptive Learning Contents: Ontological Consideration of Knowledge Level Structure of SCORM2004 Contents.” In Washio, T., Sakurai, A., Nakajima, K., Takeda, H., Tojo, S., and Yokoo, M. eds. New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence: Joint JSAI 2005 Workshop Post-Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 41–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Transactions of the American Philological Association.

Blog post

Andrews, R. 2016. “World’s Largest Megaraptor Was Nothing Short Of Terrifying.” IFLScience. IFLScience. July 21.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1990. “Mainframe Procurements: Statistics Showing How and What the Government Is Acquiring.” IMTEC-91-13. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Elizalde, K. 2014. “Relationship between Latino Adolescents and Their Mental Health Well-Being: A Quantitative Study.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. 2010. “In Showdown, Sure Hands And Shaky Ones.” New York Times, June 13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text

About the journal

Full journal title	Transactions of the American Philological Association
ISSN (print)	0360-5949
ISSN (online)	1533-0699
Scope	Language and Linguistics Classics Literature and Literary Theory Linguistics and Language