How to format your references using the Welding International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Welding International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Hutchinson J. Evolutionary developmental biology: Dynasty of the plastic fish. Nature. 2014;513(7516):37–38.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Lardner B, bin Lakim M. Animal communication: tree-hole frogs exploit resonance effects. Nature. 2002;420(6915):475.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Jiang X, Wang Y, Li M. Selecting water-alcohol mixed solvent for synthesis of polydopamine nano-spheres using solubility parameter. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6070.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Choi S, Yu X, Jongpaiboonkit L, et al. Inorganic coatings for optimized non-viral transfection of stem cells. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1567.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Mackenzie B, Njikizana T, Coetsee D, et al. 2014 Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Washio T, Luo J, editors. Emerging Trends in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: PAKDD 2012 International Workshops: DMHM, GeoDoc, 3Clust, and DSDM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 29 – June 1, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Vecchia PD, Schwimmer A. The Beginning of String Theory: A Historical Sketch. In: Gasperini M, Maharana J, editors. String Theory and Fundamental Interactions: Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 119–136.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Welding International.

Blog post

[1]

O`Callaghan J. Blue Origin Successfully Tests Crew Escape System In Major Step Towards Flying Space Tourists. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Environmental Satellites: NOAA Needs to Ensure Its Timelines Are Accurate, Clear, and Fully Documented. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016. Report No.: GAO-16-767. .

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Lee EB. Environmental Thyroid Endocrine Disruption in Shiner Perch (Cymatogaster aggregata): An Analysis of Thyroid Glandular Function [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Isherwood C. British Inmates Learning Lessons, or Not. New York Times. 2016 Jan 15;C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Welding International
Abbreviation	Weld. Int.
ISSN (print)	0950-7116
ISSN (online)	1754-2138
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Metals and Alloys