How to format your references using the World Journal of Emergency Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Journal of Emergency Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Solow AR. CLIMATE CHANGE. Extreme weather, made by us? Science. 2015;349:1444–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Zhao M, Running SW. Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009. Science. 2010;329:940–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Coppedè N, Villani M, Gentile F. Diffusion driven selectivity in organic electrochemical transistors. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4297.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Pham P, Bransteitter R, Petruska J, Goodman MF. Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation. Nature. 2003;424:103–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bragg SM. The New CFO Financial Leadership Manual. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Demant C. Industrial Image Processing: Visual Quality Control in Manufacturing. 2nd revised ed. 2013. Streicher-Abel B, Garnica C, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Hoffmeyer J. Semiotic Scaffolding: A Biosemiotic Link Between Sema and Soma. In: Cabell KR, Valsiner J, editors. The Catalyzing Mind: Beyond Models of Causality. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. p. 95–110.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Journal of Emergency Surgery.

Blog post

1. Fang J. Single Shot Could Replace Spaying And Neutering. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Impoundments: Proposed Rescissions of Justice, Transportation, and NASA Funds. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995 May. Report No.: OGC-95-21.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Sheppard KC. An Examination of School Choice Access, Opportunities, and Academic Outcomes in an Intra-District School Choice Program [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hodara S. Where Medieval Armor Meets the Aquatic. New York Times. 2013 Sep 22;WE9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	World Journal of Emergency Surgery
Abbreviation	World J. Emerg. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-7922
Scope	Emergency Medicine Surgery