How to format your references using the World Neurosurgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Neurosurgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stella N. Neuroscience. Inflammation to rebuild a brain. Science. 2012;338(6112):1303-1304.

A journal article with 2 authors

Casanova JL, Abel L. Primary immunodeficiencies: a field in its infancy. Science. 2007;317(5838):617-619.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mayadas AF, Bourne J, Bacsich P. Online education today. Science. 2009;323(5910):85-89.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Janvier P, Desbiens S, Willett JA, Arsenault M. Lamprey-like gills in a gnathostome-related Devonian jawless vertebrate. Nature. 2006;440(7088):1183-1185.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Basener WF. Topology and Its Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

An edited book

Weerasinghe D, ed. Electronic Healthcare: First International Conference, eHealth 2008, London, UK, September 8-9, 2008. Revised Selected Papers. Vol 0001. Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Bora DK, Braun A, Gajda-Schrantz K. Solar Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with Bioconjugate and Bio-Hybrid Electrodes. In: Rozhkova EA, Ariga K, eds. From Molecules to Materials: Pathways to Artificial Photosynthesis. Springer International Publishing; 2015:125-147.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Neurosurgery.

Blog post

Evans K. World’s First Lab-Grown Chicken Has Been Tasted And Apparently It’s Delicious. IFLScience. March 16, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/worlds-first-labgrown-chicken-has-been-tasted-and-apparently-its-delicious/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Acquisition and Use of Software Products for Automatic Data Processing Systems in the Federal Government. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1971.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lynch LE. Financial Regulation and Economic Performance: A Descriptive Correlation Study of American Financial Institutions. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. Friday File. New York Times. January 16, 2015:C36.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	World Neurosurgery
Abbreviation	World Neurosurg.
ISSN (print)	1878-8750
Scope	Clinical Neurology Surgery