How to format your references using the Zoology and Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoology and Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Malin, Gill. 2006. “Oceans. New Pieces for the Marine Sulfur Cycle Jigsaw.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 314 (5799): 607–608.

A journal article with 2 authors

Freidin, Esteban, and Alex Kacelnik. 2011. “Rational Choice, Context Dependence, and the Value of Information in European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris).” Science (New York, N.Y.) 334 (6058): 1000–1002.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lavine, Marc S., David Voss, and Robert Coontz. 2007. “A Robotic Future. Introduction to Special Issue.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 318 (5853): 1083.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Brake, Jeffrey M., Maren K. Daschner, Yan-Yeung Luk, and Nicholas L. Abbott. 2003. “Biomolecular Interactions at Phospholipid-Decorated Surfaces of Liquid Crystals.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 302 (5653): 2094–2097.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Berntsen, Erik Serrano, and John Thompson. 2015. A Guide to Starting Your Hedge Fund. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Tixeuil, Sébastien, and Ted Herman, eds. 2005. Self-Stabilizing Systems: 7th International Symposium, SSS 2005, Barcelona, Spain, October 26-27, 2005. Proceedings. Vol. 3764. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Vacano, Bernhard von, and Marcus Motzkus. 2010. “Photonic Integration Enables Single-Beam Nonlinear Spectroscopy for Microscopy and Microanalytics.” In Extreme Photonics & Applications, edited by Trevor J. Hall, Sergey V. Gaponenko, and Sofia A. Paredes, 57–73. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoology and Ecology.

Blog post

Evans, Katy. 2016. “Here’s How People Judge You Based On Your Face.” IFLScience, IFLScience, September 27. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/heres-how-people-judge-you-based-on-your-face/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. Information Technology: Best Practices Can Improve Performance and Produce Results. T-AIMD-96-46. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dobbs, Jonathan. 2017. “The Potential Use of PEI Modified Biochar for Different Environmental Applications.” Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chumsky, Susan. 2013. “Two Legacies, Now Home to Roost.” New York Times, October 10, 2013.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Malin 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Malin 2006; Freidin and Kacelnik 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Freidin and Kacelnik 2011)
Three authors: (Lavine, Voss, and Coontz 2007)
4 or more authors: (Brake et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoology and Ecology
Abbreviation	Zool. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	2165-8005
ISSN (online)	2165-8013
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology