How to format your references using the Brain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Brain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stuart JS. A near-Earth asteroid population estimate from the LINEAR survey. Science. 2001;294(5547):1691-1693.

A journal article with 2 authors

Turnbull MM, Landee CP. Solid state chemistry. Porous materials with a difference. Science. 2002;298(5599):1723-1724.

A journal article with 3 authors

Katz SL, Syme DA, Shadwick RE. High-speed swimming. Enhanced power in yellowfin tuna. Nature. 2001;410(6830):770-771.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ou Y, Zhu X, Jokubavicius V, et al. Broadband antireflection and light extraction enhancement in fluorescent SiC with nanodome structures. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4662.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rees PA. An Introduction to Zoo Biology and Management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

Kausch HH, ed. Intrinsic Molecular Mobility and Toughness of Polymers II. Vol 188. Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Lone SA, Malik A, Padaria JC. Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis for Prevention of Environmental Deterioration. In: Malik A, Grohmann E, Akhtar R, eds. Environmental Deterioration and Human Health: Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants. Springer Netherlands; 2014:73-95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Brain.

Blog post

Luntz S. The Speed Of Light Can Vary In A Vacuum. IFLScience. January 21, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/speed-light-can-vary-vacuum/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Curriculum Case Studies Are of Questionable Quality but Helped Precollege Curriculum Activities. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yao D. In Situ Activity of NAC11-7 Roseobacters in Coastal Waters off the Chesapeake Bay Based on ftsZ Expression. Doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Luongo MT. Beyond Technology: Hotels Train Workers in Personal Touch. New York Times. July 10, 2017:B4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Brain
Abbreviation	Brain
ISSN (print)	0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
Scope	Clinical Neurology