How to format your references using the Ear and Hearing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ear and Hearing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dobson, C.M. (2004). Chemical space and biology. Nature, 432, 824–828.

A journal article with 2 authors

He, F., Hubbell, S.P. (2011). Species-area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Nature, 473, 368–371.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hannon, J.B., Shenoy, V.B., Schwarz, K.W. (2006). Anomalous spiral motion of steps near dislocations on silicon surfaces. Science, 313, 1266–1269.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Rohling, E.J., Marsh, R., Wells, N.C., et al. (2004). Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets. Nature, 430, 1016–1021.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ishiyama, J.T. (2011). Comparative Politics, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Lebed, A. ed. (2008). The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Zhou, Q., Liu, W., Long, Y., et al. (2015). Toxicological Effects and Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles. In J. Liu & G. Jiang, eds. Silver Nanoparticles in the Environment. (pp. 109–138). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ear and Hearing.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2017). Artificial Cells Just Passed The Turing Test By Tricking Bacteria Into Thinking They Were Alive. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/artificial-just-passed-the-chemical-turing-test/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2012). Information Technology: SBA Needs to Strengthen Oversight of Its Loan Management and Accounting System Modernization, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hannington, R.L. (2011). Power and display in the court music of Augustus the Strong: The influences affecting the composition of Johann David Heinichens’s sinfonias. Doctoral dissertation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon, J., Blinder, A., Najar, N. (2017). Drinks at a Bar, Ethnic Insults, Then Gunshots. New York Times, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Dobson 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Dobson 2004; He & Hubbell 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (He & Hubbell 2011)
Three or more authors: (Rohling et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ear and Hearing
Abbreviation	Ear Hear.
ISSN (print)	0196-0202
ISSN (online)	1538-4667
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology Speech and Hearing