How to format your references using the Ecological Indicators citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Indicators. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Müller, A., 2003. Chemistry. The beauty of symmetry. Science 300, 749–750.

A journal article with 2 authors

Tedford, R.H., Harington, C.R., 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425, 388–390.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kwak, S.-H., Shen, R., Schiefelbein, J., 2005. Positional signaling mediated by a receptor-like kinase in Arabidopsis. Science 307, 1111–1113.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Lee, S.-H., Broholm, C., Ratcliff, W., Gasparovic, G., Huang, Q., Kim, T.H., Cheong, S.-W., 2002. Emergent excitations in a geometrically frustrated magnet. Nature 418, 856–858.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Garde, F., Aelenei, D., Aelenei, L., Scognamiglio, A., Ayoub, J., 2017. Solution Sets for Net-Zero Energy Buildings. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Capano, G., 2016. Changing Governance in Universities: Italian Higher Education in Comparative Perspective, Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London.

A chapter in an edited book

Hanson, G.R., Noble, C.J., Benson, S., 2009. Molecular Sophe: An Integrated Approach to the Structural Characterization of Metalloproteins: The Next Generation of Computer Simulation Software, in: Berliner, L., Hanson, G. (Eds.), High Resolution EPR: Applications to Metalloenzymes and Metals in Medicine, Biological Magnetic Resonance. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 105–173.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Indicators.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2014. Killer Bite Delivered By Severed Snake Head [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/killer-bite-delivered-severed-snake-head/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1988. Pell Grants: Who Receives Them and What Would Larger Grants Cost? (No. HRD-88-106BR). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Macy, P., 2017. Underachievement in Gifted Students: Understanding Perceptions of Educational Experiences, Attitudes Toward School, and Teacher Training (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K., 2001. 11,500 Sq. Ft., Avail. Jan. 1, (After the Inauguration). New York Times 144.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Müller, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Müller, 2003; Tedford and Harington, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Tedford and Harington, 2003)
Three or more authors: (Lee et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Indicators
Abbreviation	Ecol. Indic.
ISSN (print)	1470-160X
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics General Decision Sciences Ecology