How to format your references using the European Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Bear G. Deep ice and DNA languages. Nature. 2000;403:141.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Lee RC, Ambros V. An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 2001;294:862–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Bahmani B, Bacon D, Anvari B. Erythrocyte-derived photo-theranostic agents: hybrid nano-vesicles containing indocyanine green for near infrared imaging and therapeutic applications. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2180.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO, Erwin DH, Garrison GH, et al. Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo basin, South Africa. Science. 2005;307:709–14.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Chowdhury S. Optimization and Business Improvement Studies in Upstream Oil and Gas Industry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

1. Liddle SW, Schewe K-D, Tjoa AM, Zhou X, editors. Database and Expert Systems Applications: 23rd International Conference, DEXA 2012, Vienna, Austria, September 3-6, 2012. Proceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Zanin M, Menasalvas E, Boccaletti S, Sousa PA. Analysis of Complex Data by Means of Complex Networks. In: Camarinha-Matos LM, Barrento NS, Mendonça R, editors. Technological Innovation for Collective Awareness Systems: 5th IFIP WG 55/SOCOLNET Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2014, Costa de Caparica, Portugal, April 7-9, 2014 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 39–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Surgery.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Mathematics, Spaghetti Alla Carbonara And You [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/mathematics-spaghetti-alla-carbonara-and-you/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Improving Social Security Administration Procedures for Acquiring ADP and Telecommunications Resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1980 Mar. Report No.: 112942.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Trump RK. Self -brand overlap and dissociation [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Whiteside K. Foes Get Together, and No One’s Fighting Like …. New York Times. 2017 Feb 12;SP11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Surgery
Abbreviation	Eur. Surg.
ISSN (print)	1682-8631
ISSN (online)	1682-4016
Scope	Surgery