How to format your references using the Health and Quality of Life Outcomes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Macilwain C. Troubled US fusion project receives cash injection. Nature. 2000;405:110.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Wilson TD, Bar-Anan Y. Psychology. The unseen mind. Science. 2008;321:1046–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Yang J, Goldstein JI, Scott ERD. Iron meteorite evidence for early formation and catastrophic disruption of protoplanets. Nature. 2007;446:888–91.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Ogawa M, Shinohara H, Sakagami Y, Matsubayashi Y. Arabidopsis CLV3 peptide directly binds CLV1 ectodomain. Science. 2008;319:294.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Thompson AK. Fruit and Vegetables. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

1. Yang VW, Bialkowska AB, editors. Intestinal Tumorigenesis: Mechanisms of Development & Progression. 1st ed. 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Surh Y-J, Chun K-S. CANCER CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN. In: Aggarwal BB, Surh Y-J, Shishodia S, editors. The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2007. p. 149–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Scientist Accepts Nobel Prize Wearing Dress Depicting Her Discovery [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/scientist-accepts-nobel-prize-wearing-dress-depicting-her-discovery/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Air Traffic Control: Smaller Terminal Systems’ Capacity Requirements Need to Be Defined. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990 Jun. Report No.: IMTEC-90-50.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Wadhwa PH. Secure building automation system using Tesla protocol [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Brantley B. Capturing the Fury of Womanhood. New York Times. 2016 Apr 20;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Abbreviation	Health Qual. Life Outcomes
ISSN (online)	1477-7525
Scope	General Medicine Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health