How to format your references using the International Journal of Fracture citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Fracture. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McGill BJ (2003) A test of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity. Nature 422:881–885

A journal article with 2 authors

Ratcliff WC, Denison RF (2011) Microbiology. Alternative actions for antibiotics. Science 332:547–548

A journal article with 3 authors

Sagy A, Reches Z, Fineberg J (2002) Dynamic fracture by large extraterrestrial impacts as the origin of shatter cones. Nature 418:310–313

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Wu Q, He W, Liu H-L, et al (2013) Tuning magnetic anisotropies of Fe films on Si(111) substrate via direction variation of heating current. Sci Rep 3:1547

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Raynaud H, Arrow KJ (2011) Managerial Logic. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Puglisi J, Margaris MV (eds) (2013) Biophysics and Structure to Counter Threats and Challenges. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Aebi V, Costello K (2011) Electron Bombarded Semiconductor Image Sensors. In: Seitz P, Theuwissen AJP (eds) Single-Photon Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 63–72

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Fracture.

Blog post

Hamilton K (2016) Yes, The Arctic’s Freakishly Warm Winter Is Due To Humans’ Climate Influence. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/yes-the-arctics-freakishly-warm-winter-is-due-to-humans-climate-influence/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) U.S. Communications Policy: Issues for the 1990s. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Valeika SR (2008) The epidemiology of varicella under a two -dose vaccination strategy: Results of a mathematical transmission model with a novel strategy of sensitivity analysis. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Park LS (2011) No Safe Place. New York Times BR16

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (McGill 2003).
This sentence cites two references (McGill 2003; Ratcliff and Denison 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ratcliff and Denison 2011)
Three or more authors: (Wu et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Fracture
Abbreviation	Int. J. Fract.
ISSN (print)	0376-9429
ISSN (online)	1573-2673
Scope	Computational Mechanics Mechanics of Materials Modelling and Simulation