How to format your references using the Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Swaminathan MS. Obituary: Norman E. Borlaug (1914-2009). Nature. 2009;461(7266):894.

A journal article with 2 authors

Begun DR, Ward CV. Comment on “Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain.” Science. 2005;308(5719):203; author reply 203.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bernevig BA, Hughes TL, Zhang SC. Quantum spin Hall effect and topological phase transition in HgTe quantum wells. Science. 2006;314(5806):1757-1761.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lipworth G, Ensworth J, Seetharam K, et al. Magnetic metamaterial superlens for increased range wireless power transfer. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3642.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

He Z. Wavelet Analysis and Transient Signal Processing Applications for Power Systems. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Trueba G, Montúfar C, eds. Evolution from the Galapagos: Two Centuries after Darwin. Vol 2. Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Mateo Pla MA, Lemus-Zúñiga LG, Montañana JM, Pons J, Garza AA. A Review of Mobile Apps for Improving Quality of Life of Asthmatic and People with Allergies. In: Chen YW, Torro C, Tanaka S, Howlett RJ, C. Jain L, eds. Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare 2015. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. Springer International Publishing; 2016:51-64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. New Superhydrophobic Surface Inspired By The Eye Of A Fly. IFLScience. May 28, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-superhydrophobic-surface-inspired-eye-fly/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Data on the Office of Education’s Use of Funds for Conferences, Seminars, and Training Sessions, and Consultants, Experts, and Consulting Organizations in Lieu of Federal Employees. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1975.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dalton R. The Story of Huo Yuanjia and the Narrative of National Humiliation in Post-Mao China. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Austen I, Chapman MM. A Slow Thaw for the Great Lakes. New York Times. March 24, 2015:B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery
ISSN (print)	2468-9009
Scope