How to format your references using the Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Loder, N. 2000. UK studies ways of paying to join Chile observatory. Nature 405: 990.

A journal article with 2 authors

Roberts, Richard G., and Olav B. Lian. 2015. Dating techniques: Illuminating the past. Nature 520: 438–439.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cabernard, Clemens, Kenneth E. Prehoda, and Chris Q. Doe. 2010. A spindle-independent cleavage furrow positioning pathway. Nature 467: 91–94.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Chong, Hanbao, Peng Li, Shuxin Wang, Fangyu Fu, Ji Xiang, Manzhou Zhu, and Yadong Li. 2013. Au25 clusters as electron-transfer catalysts induced the intramolecular cascade reaction of 2-nitrobenzonitrile. Scientific reports 3: 3214.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zarbock, Gerhard, Siobhan Lynch, Axel Ammann, and Silka Ringer. 2014. Mindfulness for Therapists. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

An edited book

Franch, Xavier, Aditya K. Ghose, Grace A. Lewis, and Sami Bhiri, ed. 2014. Service-Oriented Computing: 12th International Conference, ICSOC 2014, Paris, France, November 3-6, 2014. Proceedings. Vol. 8831. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Wilkinson, Catherine. 2016. Youth Voices on the Airwaves: Representations of Young People. In Identities and Subjectivities, ed. Nancy Worth and Claire Dwyer, 475–491. Singapore: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2015. Neutron Star is Lord of the Rings. IFLScience. IFLScience. June 25.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. Tax Systems Modernization: Progress in Achieving IRS’ Business Vision. T-GGD-96-123. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Luna, Angela C. 2009. Analysis of the California Mental Health Services Act. Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, Linda. 2008. JUSTICES, RULING 5-4, ENDORSE PERSONAL RIGHT TO OWN GUN. New York Times, June 27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
Abbreviation	Metamedicine
ISSN (print)	1386-7415
ISSN (online)	1573-1200
Scope	General Medicine Issues, ethics and legal aspects