How to format your references using the Virulence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virulence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nafie LA. Physical chemistry: handedness detected by microwaves. Nature 2013; 497:446–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Meyer E, Glatzel T. Applied physics. Novel probes for molecular electronics. Science 2009; 324:1397–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Douglas SM, Bachelet I, Church GM. A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science 2012; 335:831–4.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Ingersoll AP, Gierasch PJ, Banfield D, Vasavada AR. Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Galileo Imaging Team. Nature 2000; 403:630–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Borchard-Tuch C, Groß M. Was Biotronik alles kann. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

Kaushik G, editor. Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends. New Delhi: Springer India; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Williams D, Wang M-T, Chang C-H, Ahamed SI, Chu W. Agile Development for the Creation of Proper Human-Computer Interfaces for the Elderly. In: Bodine C, Helal S, Gu T, Mokhtari M, editors. Smart Homes and Health Telematics: 12th International Conference, ICOST 2014, Denver, CO, USA, June 25-27, 2014, Revised Papers. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. page 29–38.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virulence.

Blog post

Fang J. Prints From Duck-Billed Dino Herd Found in Alaska. IFLScience2014;

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highlights of a Forum: Data and Analytics Innovation: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mendez H. Examination of friendship and burnout among child welfare workers. 2009;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Paulson M. Give My Regards To E Street. New York Times2017; :AR37.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Virulence
Abbreviation	Virulence
ISSN (print)	2150-5594
ISSN (online)	2150-5608
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)