How to format your references using the Zoological Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoological Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smith DJ (2006) Predictability and preparedness in influenza control. Science 312:392–394

A journal article with 2 authors

Nicholson DW, Thornberry NA (2003) Apoptosis. Life and death decisions. Science 299:214–215

A journal article with 3 authors

Djuranovic S, Nahvi A, Green R (2012) miRNA-mediated gene silencing by translational repression followed by mRNA deadenylation and decay. Science 336:237–240

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Cole BE, Williams JB, King BT, et al (2001) Coherent manipulation of semiconductor quantum bits with terahertz radiation. Nature 410:60–63

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ibe OC (2011) Fundamentals of Stochastic Networks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Kroop S, Mikroyannidis A, Wolpers M (eds) (2015) Responsive Open Learning Environments: Outcomes of Research from the ROLE Project. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Oka Y, Koshizuka S, Ishiwatari Y, Yamaji A (2010) Plant Dynamics and Control. In: Koshizuka S, Ishiwatari Y, Yamaji A (eds) Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors: Supercritical-Pressure Light Water Cooled Reactors. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 241–267

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoological Studies.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2017) NASA To Announce A Huge Discovery Outside The Solar System This Wednesday. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-to-announce-huge-discovery-outside-the-solar-system-this-wednesday/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1990) FAA Procurement: Major Data-Processing Contract Should Not Be Awarded. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wickramage AS (2013) Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae homologs of Histoplasma capsulatum RYP genes. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB (2017) Struggling to Find the Spirit of ’86. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smith 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Nicholson and Thornberry 2003; Smith 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Nicholson and Thornberry 2003)
Three or more authors: (Cole et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoological Studies
Abbreviation	Zool. Stud.
ISSN (online)	1810-522X
Scope